How Did the Rise of the State Affect the Power of the Monarch Essay

How Did the Rise of the State Affect the Power of the Monarch - Essay Example A great link existed between religion and the monarch; as messengers of God, monarchs had the divine right to rule hence everything they said was the law. The monarchy was held until death or abdication and was hereditary in nature in that it was passed on to the eldest child of the monarch. Later elective monarchs emerged as well as those who usurped power and declared themselves monarchs like the Napoleon of France (Parker, 1999). Absolute monarchy is whereby the monarch wields all the power; he is head of government as well as the state and he is the rule. Moreover, his decisions are viewed as being from God hence should not be contravened. An elective monarch is elected by an elective body for a period of time or for life such as the pope of Vatican City is elected by a college of cardinals. A constitutional monarch on the other hand is bound by the constitution hence he /she is just ceremonial. For example, Queen Elizabeth of England is a constitutional monarch and a head of sta te of several commonwealth monarchy states (Fandel, 2008). The two European countries that contributed much to the rise of the state are England and France. The revolutions in the two countries saw the decline in the power of the monarch and in some states its natural death. The paper will discuss how the ‘rise of the state’ affected the power of the monarch. European Absolute Monarchy Most of European countries such as France, Belgium, United Kingdom, Spain and others were ruled by an absolute monarch. According to Fandel (2008); Schiel (2005), the early monarchs arose as a result of wealth and power gained through hunting and later from agricultural activities. The wealthy people were respected and seen as closer to God than other members as they well endowed with resources. The monarchy was inherited through primogeniture whereby the eldest son ascended the throne after the monarch’s demise. However, Primogeniture was criticized by some nobles’ more so as it discriminated against women. As a result, some states started exercising equality by allowing females to inherit the throne. The monarchs had immense power which they derived from religion. Most of Europe was under Roman Catholic Church hence kings and queens were coronated by the church. Stefoff (2008) argues that the divine right was used to justify the unlimited power of the monarch. For example in France, king Louis XIV had absolute power which he shared with trusted ministers and lived in a palace in Versailles which symbolised wealth and power (Mason, 2011). However, Beik (2005) argues that there was no absolutism due to the fact that the king collaborated with powerful elites so as to gain their support. To assert his power king Louis XV made a proclamation in 1766: â€Å"sovereign power resides in my person alone†¦its to me alone that legislative power belongs without dependence or division, all public order emanates from me. â€Å" Louis XIV had also made a pro clamation during his rule: ‘’I am the state.† (Mason 2011 p. 15). This indicates the immense power the monarchs had; they were above the state. The monarch performed various roles such as making, enforcing, and interpreting laws. There was no separation of power between state organs such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. The monarch was not

Developmentally Appropriate Practices Essay Example for Free

Developmentally Appropriate Practices Essay Feedback is a very important aspect in teaching any subject but it is most important in an algebra class. This is because there are many instances when particular students tend to repeat implicit errors hidden in their solutions. In a large class, it is unmanageable to study each of the student’s solutions in order to find just what the student is doing wrong. Therefore, it is more practical to provide feedback in collaboration with members of the class. This is done by letting students present their solutions to homework or quizzes on the board. Afterwards, the solutions are not only checked but critiqued by their classmates for errors which the teacher providing guided questions. This way, students will be able to see how errors are committed and avoid them in the future. They would also be able to interact which addresses a social need at their stage of development. In any classroom, it is important that students are free to think about all the possibilities of the knowledge presented to them. One way of addressing this is through giving very practical problems which groups of students can solve independently through methodologies that they themselves would think of based on the current lesson. This strategy allows the students to interact and think autonomously about how best to address the problem. Of course, not all students are the same and the teacher should have a way of figuring out their individual needs and learning styles. This can be solved by administering questionnaires at the beginning of the course that can determine the learning styles of the different members of the class. Based on the results, the teacher can now better plan how instruction would be delivered to obtain maximum effectiveness. Lastly, the teacher should inspire the class to love the subject and see its value in the real world. This can be done through ample input of real world applications. In presenting word problems, their applications to real life should not be superficial. I explore the use of models, multimedia, and hands-on experiments in order to be able to let students completely visualize the real-life value of the problem. TPE 7 Teaching English Learners (1 Page) Students who are learning English as a second language are often at a disadvantage in a typical math class because they end up having a hard time understanding the discussions due to the language barrier. In occasions when there are members of the class that are not native English speakers, the first intervention that I employ is to always remember to use more basic English when delivering subject content. For example, when discussing about solutions of quadratic equations, I have to make it clear that the terms solutions, zeroes, and roots all just mean the answers as to what is â€Å"x† or whatever variable I am using. Another way to facilitate more effective instruction in a class of English as a Second Language (ESL) learners is to incorporate culturally relevant examples in lessons. Using objects, places, and people that are familiar to ESL learners in word problems help them associate the content of the problem with its solution better and motivate them to try and answer the problem because it has develops a better meaning for them. Of course, there must be appropriate balance of culturally relevant examples used and there should be ample input of popular culture examples as well. Finally, when there are students who are really having a hard time understanding English in class, I make it a point to use as few words as I can and describe lessons in terms of symbols and numbers instead of words. When explaining how to get the solution of an equation such as 2x – 4 = 7, I will not go on explaining about transposing one number from the rest and changing the sign. Instead, I will show the students that by adding a +4 on both sides, I would not really be violating the equality and the same is true when I divide both sides of the equation by 2 afterwards. By showing the solution in this manner, I give less verbal explanations and more visual ones which would be better appreciated and absorbed by learners who do not understand the common language of instruction so well.

Hamlet - Ghost :: essays research papers

Hamlet - Ghost The presence of the apparition in the opening scene of William Shakespeare’s Hamlet sets a macabre and eerie tone while emitting and foreshadowing a theme of death. In addition to the death theme the presence of the ghost illuminates on the mystery surrounding the death of Hamlet’s father, the King of Denmark. Often in literature the presence of a ghost indicates something left unresolved. In this case, the death of Hamlets father is the unresolved event as well the revenge necessary to give the tormented soul repose. The ghost created mystery for the audience, spawns the chain of death and treachery in Denmark, causes characters to question the death of their former king, and makes the metaphysics of the play dark. The ghost says nothing despite the valiant efforts on the parts of Horatio, Marcellus, and Bernardo. Suspense is created when the audience is ignorant as to the purpose of the ghost. Later in the play the ghost is utilized to allow Hamlet and the audience knowledge of the vile murder of the king by Claudius, the kings own brother. When the ghost finally speaks, he tells Hamlet, “Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder. Murder most foul, as in the best it is, But this most foul, strange, and unnatural.';(I.v.25-28) These quotes let Hamlet as well as the audience know that the fathers death was foul and unnatural contrary to popular belief. The spirit then reveals the murder to Hamlet by professing this: “A serpent stung me. So the whole ear of Denmark Is by a forged process of my death   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rankly abused. But know, thou noble youth,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The serpent that did sting thy father’s life Now wears his crown.(I.v.35-39) This statement not only reveals the culprit; it eludes to the manner in which the king was assassinated. Upon hearing this Hamlet and the audience realize who the murderer is and how the plot of vengeance will unfold. Without the apparition the beginning of the play would lack the supernatural and eerie aura as well as the revelation of most wretched crime thus making the play bland and meaningless. Although the ghost is apparently Hamlet’s father those who saw him were fearful. The reason behind this is that in the sixteenth century a ghost could be a demon trying to deceive Hamlet rather than the soul of his murdered father. “The papists in former times have publicly both taught and written that those spirits which men sometimes see and hear be either good or bad

1984 Critical Analysis

10/23/11 1984 critical analysis In the novel 1984 by George Orwell a man named Winston lives within a dis-utopian society. People within this society keep their emotions non-noticeable because if they go against what the inner circle is teaching than that person would work manually labor for the rest of their life. In the story a party known as the inner circle uses a few slogans and sayings to control everything. The inner circle uses all that they say to brainwash people into believing what they are saying is true. The inner party's slogans are â€Å"War is peace, Freedom is Slavery, and Ignorance is strength† By using these phrases one can see that the inner circle can manipulate everyone into believing in what the inner circle tells them to believe in. The first slogan â€Å"War is peace† The inner circle has this slogan to convince people that there is no such thing as peace. The inner party seems to get people to believe they are in a constant state of war. When they are not fighting one country they are fighting the other. The inner party uses this constant state to their advantage; the inner party uses this state to keep the people always occupy with a war and to keep them from thinking about rising up against the government. Examples of the constant state of war, one is the proles are constantly being bombed. With this slogan it gives people a sense of anxiety keeping them scared and to make them think that Big Brother is taking care of them and will look out for them, and protect them. The second slogan â€Å"Freedom is Slavery†, the inner party is trying to control everyone and getting them to hate every other country. This slogan means that to have freedom is to be a slave, which in American eyes is a big lie. The inner party puts out the slogan for people to understand it is much better to be under Big Brother than it is to be your own individual and have freedom to decide what they would like to do; But to the people in this dis-utopia society believe that Big Brother is for them and not only that but they have been spoon fed their whole lives and they would not know what to do even if they had freedom. The people in this society that would have some sense of what freedom is, is the proles because the inner circle doesn't really care about them. The third slogan is â€Å"Ignorance is strength†. The Meaning of Ignorance is the lack of Knowledge, Not knowing and for not knowing to be strength it does not make very much sense. The phrase â€Å"Knowing is half the battle â€Å" would never come into play. In many cases to win a battle is to know what the army is up against. Not knowing is how the inner circle keeps any rebels from rebelling because they don't know what they are up against. Throughout the book the inner circle is kept a secret but it is known that it is there. In the book Winston believes that Big Brother is not real and does not exist. The inner circle also retells history the way they want it told and they teach it this way to keep the people from knowing what truly is happening in the world around them. After all the slogans one of the sayings the inner circle uses is â€Å"Big Brother is Watching You† This society uses this poster to add to the anxiety and fear of the people. The sign has this saying and above it is a face that looks similar to Hitler. This poster is posted everywhere within the society. This saying echoes throughout ones mind to give them a sense of being constantly watched and they have to pay attention to everything they do. This saying is not entirely false either in this society people are always looking out at people waiting and watching for them to slip up. The inner circle also uses telescreeens within each room to watch over what the person is doing and also the telescreen has no off switch. Winston has his telescreen in a location so he has a corner where he can write what ever he wants in his illegal journal. The inner circle uses it's own people to for it's eyes in the society because it uses the true followers to catch all the people who would go against. The inner circle also use kids as spies. They use the kids to spy on the parents within the home to make sure they do not go against the inner party. The inner circle turns their own people on each other so not only they look to catch each other but they also have no big groups to conspire with. In Comparison of the three slogans the number one thing they all have in common is they are all false and are all contradictions of each other; â€Å"War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, and Ignorance is strength. † Each slogan has it's own purpose and reason to help the inner circle to control everybody to make sure they do not rise up against the inner party. If someone does go against the inner party the inner party sends their â€Å"task force† in to take that person and to have them do manually labor for the rest of their life. Which having the Thought Police a. k. â€Å"task force† in the mix of everything adds even more anxiety and fear into the people of this society. In truth the inner circle uses fear and repeats the slogans to get people brainwashed into believing everything the inner circle is telling them. The inner circle uses all of the sayings to manipulate and control everyone to be on their side. The inner party has these slogans to make sure every one can't go against them. The inner party rules with fear and is kept a secret, and repeats everything to make sure it is brainwashed into believing everything they are told. In many cases if someone repeats something over and over they would believe it to be true. If someone repeated that 2 + 2 = 5 eventually they would start to question if it is true and then soon the person would believe it is true and trick themselves that they are right in which 2 + 2 = 5. Which is the same way with Winston in which eventually he gave into the ways of the inner circle and he started to love Big Brother who he despised at the beginning of the book. This same process manipulated Winston into going into the ways and is brainwashed into believing everything he is told.

Research Paper On Leukemia Health And Social Care Essay

I decided to compose my research paper on Leukemia because my uncle who lived in Bend, OR found out that he had Leukemia. This intelligence was lay waste toing for our household including my uncle. His wellness started dropping and he started droping tired all the clip. My uncle ‘s this status led him to lose his occupation because he could non maintain up with his work. In our civilization exclusive supplier of the family is adult male. In this state of affairs fiscal status of the household was awful because neither my uncle nor his married woman were working. Their childs school classs were dropping and they were sadden by their male parent ‘s illness. His boy had emotional dislocation, and wanted to pass all his clip with his male parent. This disturbance of the household even spilled over to my side of the household. My ma was truly affiliated to her brother ; happening out that her brother has malignant neoplastic disease. It was really hard on my ma. My ma ‘s wellness was at its worse when she got intelligence of my uncle ‘s illness. My uncle ‘s parents lived in India. Finding out their one and merely boy has a deathly illness ; it was really upseting for his parents. They applied for visas to come to the United States to see their boy. Even though, the household in the United States made a petition to in-migration services to let my uncles parents to come to the United States to see their boy. Supporting paperss were submitted including a elaborate missive from my uncle ‘s physician depicting his medical status. However, their petitions for obtaining U.S. visas were denied. My uncle ‘s medical status did non let him to go to India to see his parents for the last clip in his life. Furthermore, my uncle did non hold medical insurance. The ground for non holding a medical insurance was the high cost of it. Other large factor of non holding insurance was that my uncle did non hold a occupation for a long clip. Even when he had a occupation it did non come with medical benefits. However, few months after my uncle found out that he had a malignant neoplastic disease, and was hospitalized a physician from the infirmary down in Bend, Oregon helped him to acquire a medical insurance through Oregon Health Plan. This helped my uncle and his household a batch. My uncle was able to acquire choice intervention from the infirmary through that wellness program. The physicians did chemotherapy for six months and still it did n't bring around him, and shortly physicians gave up, and said sorry he wo n't populate for long. Just hebdomad after that my uncle passed off. This is how my household is impacted by Leukemia. Leukemia is malignant neoplastic disease that starts in the tissue that forms blood. To cognize how malignant neoplastic disease starts it is helpful to cognize how normal blood cells form. Most blood cells are formed in the bone marrow called root cells. Bone marrow is the soft stuff in the centre of most castanetss. When mature it develops into different sorts of blood cells, each sort does a particular occupation. Major sorts include the ruddy blood cells and the white blood cells. White blood cells are helpful to contend infections. There are many sorts of white blood cells. Red blood cells carry O to the tissues throughout the organic structure. The thrombocytes help organize blood coagulums to forestall hemorrhage. White blood cells, ruddy blood cells, and thrombocytes are created from root cells when organic structure needs them. When these cells grow old or damaged, they die, and so new cells take their topographic point. In a patient who has leukaemia, the bone marrow makes unnatural white blood cells. Those unnatural blood cells are called leukemia cells. Normal blood cells die when they reach a certain age or when they get damaged, whereas leukaemia cells do non decease after aging or acquiring damaged. They start to herd out normal white blood cells, ruddy blood cells, and thrombocytes. This state of affairs makes it really hard for normal blood cells to make their occupation. There are two types of leukaemia ; the types of leukaemia can be grouped on the bases of how speedy the disease develops and gets worse. Leukemia is either chronic which normally gets worse easy, or theirs acute which normally gets worse rapidly. Chronic Leukemia: In the beginning phases of the disease, the leukaemia cells can still make the occupation for normal white blood cells. Patient may non hold any mark at first ; physicians frequently find the chronic leukaemia during a everyday medical examination before there are any symptoms. Gradually, chronic leukaemia gets worse. As the figure of leukemia cells in the blood additions, patients starts to acquire symptoms, such as conceited lymph nodes, febrilities, dark workout suits, weak feeling, hemorrhage, weight loss, swelling, hurting or infections. When those symptoms do look, they are normally mild at first and acquire worse easy. Acute Leukemia: The leukaemia cells ca n't make any of the work of normal white blood cells. The figure of leukemia cells increases rapidly. Patients normally go to their physician because they feel ill. If the encephalon is affected, they may headaches, purging, confusion, loss of musculus control, or ictuss. Patients start to acquire symptoms, such as conceited lymph nodes, febrilities, dark workout suits, weak feeling, hemorrhage, weight loss, swelling, hurting or infections. Acute leukaemia normally worsens quickly. Diagnosis: Have one or more of the undermentioned trials done: physical test, blood trials, biopsy done two ways bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow biopsy. Prevention: As long bar goes, there is no manner to forestall leukaemia at this clip. However, avoiding hazard factors such as smoke, exposure to toxic chemicals, diagnostic X raies, and exposure to radiation may assist forestall some instances of leukaemia. Being healthy and remaining healthy dramas a large function in forestalling leukaemia. What we put into our organic structures has a batch to make with our overall wellness. Cancer Contending Foods: I have besides done some research on nutrients that are known to forestall different types of malignant neoplastic disease. Eating a batch of veggies and fruits help to forestall leukaemia, list of veggies and fruits are: Avocados – rich in glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that attacks free groups in organic structure. Black Raspberries & A ; Blueberries – contain an antioxidant that kills leukemia cells without harming healthy cells. Carrots – contain beta provitamin A, which may assist cut down malignant neoplastic disease. Broccoli, Brassica oleracea botrytis, Brussels sprouts, and chou – contains two antioxidants, xanthophyll and zeaxanthin that may assist cut down malignant neoplastic disease. Garlic – increases the activity of immune cells and helps interrupt down substances that cause malignant neoplastic disease. Grapefruits, oranges, papaia, pomegranate – aid prevent malignant neoplastic disease Treatment: Leukemia intervention falls into two types of intervention to contend the malignant neoplastic disease and intervention to alleviate the symptoms of the disease and the side effects of the intervention. Chemotherapy is the widely used intervention for leukaemia ; it is the powerful drug to kill leukemia cells. Therapy can be administered by oral cavity or vena depending on the type of medicine. Sometimes depending on the instance chemotherapy can be given at place. In other instances patient has to hospitalise to have the therapy. By this it kills cells or halt them from reproducing. It besides kills quickly turning healthy cells, accounting for many of the side effects of therapy. The badness of the side effects depends on the doses given and the patient ‘s tolerance. Chemotherapy is normally given in rhythms. Each rhythm consists of terrible intervention over several yearss followed by a few hebdomads without intervention for remainder and recovery from side effects caused by the therapy, largely anemia and low white blood cells. The sequence is so repeated. It may be administered for two to six rhythms, depending on subtype leukaemia and hazard factors involved. Bone marrow test may be done prior to each rhythm of therapy. After completion of intervention the patient is evaluated once more to see the consequence of the chemotherapy for leukaemia. Decision: In terminal it is all about how we take attention of our organic structures, our diet plays a large function in our well being and remaining healthy. As stated above leukaemia malignant neoplastic disease is a really unsafe disease. We should take proper safeguard to forestall this disease. Doctors are taking several steps to forestall this malignant neoplastic disease from distributing in human organic structure. If leukemia malignant neoplastic disease is non taken attention in its early phases it may turn out fatal to human organic structure. Citations: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.leukemia-cure.com/leukemia-symptoms.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lls.org/ # /diseaseinformation/leukemia/ www.leukemia-lymphoma.org hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emedicinehealth.com/leukemia/article_em.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/leukemia

Theodore Roosevelt1 essays

Theodore Roosevelt1 essays Theodore Roosevelt is said to have been one of the greatest presidents ever. Theodore Roosevelt expanded the role of the presidency into foreign affairs by using The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, this stated that the U.S. had the right to oppose European intervention in the western hemisphere and also to intervene itself in the domestic affairs of its neighbors. This was brought about when the government of Venezuela stopped paying their debts to European bankers. As a result European naval forces formed a blockade around the Venezuelan coast and began to bombard their ports. Roosevelt saw this action as a potential threat to the U.S. and threatened to use American naval power to pressure the European navy to withdraw ...the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power(Roosevelt Corollary). Theodore Roosevelts first presidency came after the assassination of President McKinley. He was thought of as the first modern president because he was the first to get involved in foreign affairs, with his Big Stick Policy. Other things he did during his president that are remembered for are his Square deal, Hay-Pauncefote treaty, his corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, and his trust busting. The Big-Stick Policy came upon after Roosevelt said that his motto was to speak softly and carry a big stick. After this the press named his aggressive foreign policy the Big-Stick Policy. Roosevelt acted boldly and decisively in several occasions in his attempt to get the reputation that the US is a world power. Imperialists liked his policy, but there were still critics that disliked the policy and favored noninvolvement in global politics. The Square Deal came upon after Roosevelts first economic crisis. He demonstrated that he fav...

Anabolic Steroids Medicine Essay Sample

Anabolic Steroids Medicine Essay Sample Anabolic Steroids Medicine Essay Example Anabolic Steroids Medicine Essay Example Nowadays, the question of potential legalization of anabolic steroids is discussed in various scientific circles. Current paper deals with all main aspects of this issue evaluating the arguments for and against legalization. Legal issues, such as the access to free competition and equal rights of all sportsmen, are examined. In general, the critical analysis of various positions demonstrates that anabolic steroids as well as other performance enhancers should not be allowed because all sportsmen have to be in equal initial conditions, and all forms of illegal advantages should be strictly prohibited. Should Performance Enhancers (Anabolic Steroids) Be Allowed in Sports? The utilitarian arguments regarding potential advantages of steroids legalization are examined and their logical flaws are specified. Some broad sociological and economic aspects are present for the complex understanding of the situation, and the paper explains their relation to legal issues. In general, the paper contributes to understanding of sports law as it shows that no conflict between utilitarian arguments and basic individual rights and liberties exists. First of all, it is necessary to briefly outline the current status of performance-enhancing drugs in sports. Nowadays, the use of steroids or other drugs is officially considered immoral. Therefore, it is strictly prohibited by all major sports organizations, including the International Olympic Committee. The supporters of legalization claim that the use of drugs does not affect competition more than modern equipment that also creates advantages for some sportsmen (Atkinson, 2011). However, such comparison is invalid for several reasons: Firstly, the supposed violation of law and rights of others in one area does not make such violations in other spheres moral. Secondly, the use of modern equipment really creates additional advantages for some sportsmen, but it is an example of fair competition because it is allowed by sports regulations and it does not violate the rights of others. At the same time, the use of drugs violates the rights of other sportsmen who follow regulations and thus creates unfair advantages. The relevant aspect in this context is not whether some actions or procedures create potential advantages or not but rather their influence on the rights of other parties involved. The opposite position about prohibiting everything that creates any sort of additional advantages will lead to a contradiction as the whole training process and the essence of sports per se aims at demonstrating higher results than other participants (i.e. demonstrating one’s advantages). Thus, the factors that increase sportsmen’s results should not be prohibited on the basis of such positive impact. However, from this statement does not follow that all types of stimulators are performance enhancers. One of main sports goals is demonstrating the highest achievements of human body and spirit. For example, viewers are interested not in high speed per se but in understanding what speed is attainable for individuals that follow the generally accepted rules. Consequently, the abolition of any restrictions will lead to the absence of sports ideas and its substitution by machines’ competition. Thus, the decision about the potential regulations and prohibitions should be based on the structure of all participants’ rights. As the International Olympic Committee and other similar organizations always explicitly state which drugs are prohibited, it demonstrates the rules for all sportsmen and established the boundaries of fair competition. Another argument of supporters of legalization refers to the empirical fact that performance enhancers have been using throughout history even in Ancient Times. Thus, they claim that as enhancers cannot be completely avoided, they should be legalized. However, this statement contains a logical error, as well. The fact of regulations’ violation does not make such violations desirable. For example, stealing is also observed throughout history, however, it does not make it legal or socially desirable. Although there is a fraction of people willing to obtain unfair advantages, such practices should not be legalized. On the contrary, they may help to differentiate within the whole set of participants and exclude those sportsmen who violate the rights of others. Another possible argument in favor of legalization refers to the fact that doping control is very expensive and these funds may be used more effectively (Atkinson, 2011). However, it seems to be unsupported, as well. It is correct that control efforts (that include not only doping control during competition) lead to additional expenses. Moreover, such funds could be directed to other fields if the problem of unfair competition did not exist. However, it exists and requires additional controlling efforts. Using an analogy, it may be stated that the absence of criminal activities could allow reducing expenses associated with police activities. At the same time, the existence of such expenses under the current conditions does not seem unreasonable. Anti-doping authorities often explain that all sportsmen should have equal opportunities. However, this statement should be correctly interpreted. The main idea is not removing all sources of inequality (as it is impossible even theoretically, as well as it negates the essence of sports competition) but respecting the rights of all participants. In this way, the boundaries of fair competition are identical for all people. It corresponds to the meaning of fair competition. An additional ethical aspect should be clarified. Nowadays, professional sports demonstrate the highest results of the human body without any artificial performance enhancers. Thus, people willing to improve or at least maintain their health may participate in professional sports. However, it will be impossible if anabolic steroids are legalized. As they artificially increase one’s sports results, it will be evident a priori that professional sportsmen will have significant health problems in the future. Therefore, a large number of potential sportsmen will refuse to select this occupation. Moreover, viewers prefer understanding professional sport as a tool of promoting a healthy lifestyle, and the negation of health in the initial instructions will not guarantee the necessary interest within the population. If performance enhancers are allowed, it will almost exclude the majority of developing countries from competition. At the present moment, the countries with high standard of living have some advantages; however, other countries also demonstrate significant results in some sports spheres. If legalization is adapted, the financial factor will become the main one and the global interest to sports will decline as only several the most financially successful countries will compete in all kinds of sports. The International Olympic Committee declares that sport should be promoted all over the world and the realization of this principle may become problematic in case of legalization (Werner Hatton, 2011). Thus, it is evident that there is no contradiction between utilitarian arguments that try to satisfy the interests of all parties involved and the legal perspective. If rights of all sportsmen are protected, the general social satisfaction is maximized, as well. Therefore, it is reasonable to concentrate on expanding the principles of fair competition to all spheres, as well as providing the strict control over the fulfillment of these regulations. It is possible to use random statistical selection for doping control in some minor sports events while during the Olympic Games and various world championships all participants should pass the test procedures. Current system of double-testing seems to be reasonable as it reduces the probability of error to almost zero. As all sportsmen understand that any violations may be immediately detected, they will modify their behavior accordingly and the temptation to use drugs will decrease. Although sports committees cannot determine the specific actions of all sportsmen, they may affect their incentive structures that indirectly influence their actual behavior (Donahue et al., 2007). It seems that the number of regulations should be minimal, but they should be adequately enforced. In particular, sports committees should outline the list of prohibited drugs and make this information available for all interested people. Then, the effective control systems should be introduced and the main attention should be paid to such sports events as the Olympic Games. Sports authorities should not make any value or moral judgments but be entirely concentrated on the legal perspective. All moral conclusions may be formulated by the public and it will lead to higher sports popularity worldwide. Our SamplesThe best way to know how to write good essays is by getting a sample of an essay from competent experts online. We can give you the essay examples you need for future learning. Free Essay Examples are here. The advocates of legalization also claim that under the present conditions all famous sportsmen experience some forms of uncertainty and suspicion from the public. It occurs due to the fact that both viewers and officials want to receive the results of doping tests that will confirm the absence of any prohibited drugs in the blood or body of a given sportsman (Atkinson, 2011). Thus, the advocates of this position suggest that if anabolic steroids are legalized, no additional confirmation is needed, and the winners may receive their fame immediately. However, it is necessary to examine this position in detail: Firstly, the goal of sports committees is not maximizing the psychological satisfaction of the winners at any price but ensuring the proper following of all generally approved requirements. Secondly, it is unclear whether this satisfaction would actually increase as most people prefer winning in fair competition. Thirdly, sports fans usually see sport events as an example of equal opportunities (at least, in the legal sense). Thus, the legalization of steroids may negatively affect their interest and ultimate demand for such events (Ozdemir et al., 2005). As a result, sports competitions may become less prestigious and may generate fewer amounts of money and other privileges (sponsor contracts, advertizing proposals, the overall reputation in society, etc.) for the winners. Taking into account all these considerations, it may be expected that all participants (and especially the future champions) are interested in fair competition and equal standards for all sportsmen. It seems that regulations and sports instructions should not create additional risks and threats for sportsmen. The nature of modern professional sport is such that substantial health risks are present in any case. However, their amount should not be artificially increased. It is evident that legalization of anabolic steroids will make the traditional (without using any drugs) winning of any serious championships absolutely impossible. Nowadays, many sportsmen are examples and role models for young people, but it seems that the situation may change if the public is aware that all champions use steroids. Therefore, the potential legalization may have negative consequences for the US society in general. Theoretically, there is another alternative to the issue under consideration. For example, two leagues may exist. The first one will operate on the traditional basis and anabolic steroids and other performance enhancers will be prohibited. In the second league, the use of drugs will be legal and sportsmen from different leagues will compete only within their leagues. Such proposal is legally coherent as no one is forced to use drugs and is free to choose the optimal alternative from his/her point of view. The viewers’ rights are protected as well because they may choose any league they like and the use of steroids in one of them is known from the very beginning. Although this option is possible from the legal perspective, it is not highly plausible that these two leagues will emerge in the near future. Such separation will not allow economizing substantial financial resources as strict doping control in one of the leagues will be still needed. Moreover, some expenses will even increase as it will be necessary to organize much more events and forums for both leagues. However, the consumer demand for these events is limited and the profitability rates may decrease. As sports fans prefer determining the only champion in each kind of sport (that will be impossible in the new format), it is not likely that this idea will be supported by the public. Various health-oriented organizations may explicitly argue against any sports projects that allow using doping. It may negatively affect the reputation of sports organizations and lead to numerous social conflicts in sport. Thus, under the current state of the consumer demand and public preferences, it is unlikely that the idea of two separate leagues may be realized in the actual practice. The advocates of legalization also suggest that it may help to solve problems of the Hall of Fame voting. Even the smallest doping suspicion of an athlete may not allow him/her being selected. Therefore, some experts propose to legalize drugs to make this process more clear and timely. However, the problem of determining the best representatives of some profession exists not only in sports and it is important to verify all relevant aspects in order to guarantee the correspondence of a given candidate to the existing rules. For example, the works of all scientists are verified in relation to their originality; if any plagiarism issues are found, it leads to serious negative consequences for a given scientist. In fact, he/she cannot expect to receive any significant reward in the future due to his/her reputation as a result of such issues. The similar principles may be observed in sports. Federations and public in general wish to have evidences that a given athlete follows all recommendations and does not violate the rights of other participants. Although such test procedures require time and financial expenses, they are the necessary attribute of any fair competition (Eber, 2009). It seems that the function of the Hall of Fame is to praise the most talented and successful sportsmen rather than facilitating the process of inclusion of potential candidates. The effectiveness of doping control depends on the actual implementation of the main regulations. There are two main options that exist in this context. The first one is large government involvement. The second one is independent regulations of corresponding sports leagues. The supporters of the first initiative suggest that the government may be more efficient in enforcing all relevant rules and even develop new legal obligations for the citizens. However, it seems that the second option may generate much better results for several reasons: Firstly, the government operates on the basis of tax-collected funds. It means that the redistribution of wealth takes place and involuntary actions are observed. The legal and sociological theories show that social systems work more productively if they are organized on a completely voluntary basis. Secondly, independent leagues are better aware of all internal problems and are more responsive to the external challenges. The government may use a large number of experts, but their overall coordination will not be based on the profit-and-loss system and higher bureaucratization may emerge (Showalter, 2007). Thirdly, independent leagues are interested in timely decisions of the existing problems and try to find the most rational decisions from the social and economic point of view. At the same time, government agencies do not have strong incentive structures for searching timely solutions and their decisions are mostly based on the political desirability rather than economic calculation. Thus, it seems that government involvement in this process should be minimized as it negatively affects the realization of basic sports principles. Unfortunately, it is problematic to completely separate sport from politics as during the Olympic Games and other forums sportsmen represent not only them and their team but the country in general. Therefore, some political pressure from national governments is often present. However, it is reasonable to limit government presence in all sports spheres as it negatively affects the implementation of principles of fair competition (Showalter, 2007). Moreover, the prohibition of anabolic drugs may be effectively enforced without the government participation in this process. As these regulations may be introduced by independent leagues, penalties may be different in various kinds of sports. At the same time, it does not constitute serious problems because each kind of sports has its specifics that should be reflected in corresponding rules. The most important thing is the recognition of the illegal nature of anabolic steroids and the understanding of introducing corresponding penalties for those sportsmen who try to receive unfair competitive advantages. It seems that not all sports federations pay the necessary attention to the problem of doping. In particular, soccer and some other team sports federations do not suggest it to be this issue their main responsibility. Although the net effect of doping in team sports seems to be less than in individual ones, the respect to other sportsmen’s rights should be maintained in all sports spheres. Thus, soccer and other sports federations should ensure the fulfillment of all fair competition requirements. It will increase the sports’ popularity among people worldwide and may generate additional revenues for federations. The close analysis of various arguments regarding the potential legalization of anabolic steroids has shown that they are unsupported and have substantial logical errors. All athletes should have equal rights and follow the generally accepted rules that are developed by the corresponding federations. The analogy of anabolic steroids with the modern equipment is incorrect because equipment’s advantages are not based on the violation of other people’s rights. Although doping control is expensive, it is the necessary element of expenses because all sports fans are interested in fair competition. Their demand for sports events is based on the assumption that all participants have equal opportunities. If this assumption is not followed, many viewers will shift their demand to other spheres. The potential legalization of performance enhancers will create serious problems for developing countries and will reduce the overall level of competition. The analysis demonstrates that there is no contradiction between the basic legal rights and utilitarian arguments. Sportsmen may be accepted to the Hall of Fame only when their doping tests are thoroughly evaluated and it is correct as only those athletes who follow all regulations may receive the chance of being selected. It is determined that the control over the fulfillment of anti-doping requirements should be delegated to independent leagues rather than national governments. Sports leagues are better aware of the local situation and are highly motivated in finding the most timely and efficient solution. Some differences among various sports federations may exist, but all of them should share the basic principles of doping control and penalties. It is especially relevant for soccer and other team sports federations. In any case, the use of anabolic steroids and other performance enhancers should not be allowed in sport.